电力系统分析与设计

出版说明

序

前言

PREFACE

List of Symbols, Units, and Notation

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 History of Electric Power Systems

1.2 Present and Future Trends

1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure

1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering

1.5 PowerWorld Simulator

CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals

2.1 Phasors

2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase ac Circuits

2.3 Complex Power

2.4 Network Equations

2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 51

CHAPTER 3 Power Transformers

3.1 The Ideal Transformer

3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

3.3 The Per-Unit System

3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift

3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers

3.6 Three-Winding Transformers

3.7 Autotransformers

3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

CHAPTER 4 Transmission Line Parameters

4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations

4.2 Resistance

4.3 Conductance

4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor

4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and ThreePhase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing

4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors

4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return

4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor

4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing

4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors

4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return

4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level

4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines

CHAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation

5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations

5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations

5.3 Equivalent n Circuit

5.4 Lossless Lines

5.5 Maximum Power Flow

5.6 Line Loadability

5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques

CHAPTER 6 Power Flows

6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination

6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel

……

CHAPTER 7　Symmetrical Faults

CHAPTER 8 Symmetrical Components

CHAPTER 9 Unsymmetrical Faults

CHAPTER 10 System Protection

CHAPTER 11 Power System Controls

CHAPTER 12 Trasmission Lines:Transient Operation

CHAPTER 13 Transient Stability

CHAPTER 14 Extended

Appendix2100433B

《电力系统分析与设计（第4版）》由于知识点全面、系统，理论与工程实际联系紧密，实用性强，在国内外读者中广受赞誉，而成为电力系统分析设计领域的重要参考资料。原书是基于美国国情而编写的高等学校教学用书，为了使该书的内容更为适用于广大的中国读者，应机械工业出版社之邀，编者在承担《电力系统分析与设计(英文改编版·原书第4版)(附盘)》中文版翻译工作的同时，在综合考虑知识内容的适用性、连贯性和行文简洁的基础上，对原书内容、结构做了一些调整，形成了本英文改编版。

改编版相对原书作了如下调整：原书每章均包括“案例分析”和正文（包含“习题”和“课程设计”）两个部分。改编版为保证全书的完整性，保持原书正文内容不变，但从中国读者的应用角度出发，去掉了原书各章的“案例分析”部分。同时，从删除的“案例分析”中精选了10篇对国内读者较具代表性和借鉴意义的论文，组织在一起新增了第14章（Extended），为开阔读者视野提供一个窗口，以使广大读者了解电力系统发展现状及未来新方向。内容涉及分布式发电、可视化电网、广域安稳控制系统、动态安全评估等电力系统前沿领域。

改编版的出版，是将外文教材引入、消化，使之适合中国读者的一次有益的尝试。原书内容经过调整后将更好地体现“实用性强、应用性强”的特点。期望《电力系统分析与设计(英文改编版·原书第4版)(附盘)》能够成为国内电力系统专业教师、学生的优秀参考教材。

在电力系统的历史回顾和未来趋势的展望的序言后，第二章帮助学生对之前的术语进行了一个简要的回顾。本章回顾了相位的概念、功率、以及单相和三相电路。第3章到第5章研究了电力变压器，包括独立系统、传输线参数以及传输线的稳态运行。第6章研究了潮流计算，包括牛顿-拉夫逊法、风力发电的潮流建模、经济调度以及优化潮流。这几章提供了对电力系统在三相平衡、稳态和正常运行下的基本理解。第7章到第10章则介绍了在常规电力系统短路保护下的对称故障、对称参数、不对称故障以及系统保护。第11章研究了暂态稳定性，包括摇摆方程式、等面积法则、以及考虑风力发电系统的多机稳定性。第12章介绍了电力系统控制，包括发电机电压控制、涡轮调速机控制、以及载荷频率控制。

本书主要介绍电力市场环境下电力系统的一些问题等。

Contents

Preface iii

ChAPTER 1 Introduction 1

Case Study: How the Free Market Rocked the Grid 2

1.1History of Electric Power Systems 10

1.2Present and Future Trends 17

1.3Electric Utility Industry Structure 20

1.4Computers in Power System Engineering 21

1.5PowerWorld Simulator 22

ChAPTER 2 Fundamentals 29

Case Study: Key Connections 30

2.1Phasors 38

2.2Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 40

2.3Complex Power 45

2.4Network Equations 50

2.5Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 53

2.6Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 61

2.7Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 66

ChAPTER 3 Power Transformers 69

Case Study: Power Transformers—Life Management and Extension 70

3.1The Ideal Transformer 77

3.2Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 83

3.3 The Per-Unit System 89

ChAPTER 4

3.4Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 97

3.5Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 102

3.6Three-Winding Transformers 107

3.7Autotransformers 111

3.8Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios 113

Transmission Line Parameters 123

Case Study: Integrating North America’s Power Grid 124 Case Study: Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteries

of North America’s Power Grid 129

4.1Transmission Line Design Considerations 135

4.2Resistance 140

4.3Conductance 143

4.4Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 143

4.5Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 148

4.6Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 150

4.7Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 158

4.8Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 163

4.9Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 166

4.10Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 168

4.11Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 172

4.12Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 177

4.13Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 180

Contents

ChAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 183

Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies: An Overview of High Voltage Direct Current Systems and Applications 184

5.1Medium and Short Line Approximations 204

5.2Transmission-Line Differential Equations 211

5.3Equivalent p Circuit 217

5.4Lossless Lines 220

5.5Maximum Power Flow 228

5.6Line Loadability 230

5.7Reactive Compensation Techniques 235

ChAPTER 6 Power Flows 241

Case Study: Finding Flexibility—Cycling the Conventional Fleet 242

6.1Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination 262

6.2Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel 266

6.3Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson 272

6.4The Power Flow Problem 277

6.5Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 283

6.6Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 285

6.7Control of Power Flow 295

6.8Sparsity Techniques 301

6.9Fast Decoupled Power Flow 304

6.10The “DC” Power Flow 304

6.11Power Flow Modeling of Wind Generation 306

6.12Economic Dispatch 308

6.13Optimal Power Flow 321

ChAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 325

Case Study: Short-Circuit Modeling of a Wind Power Plant 326

7.1Series R–L Circuit Transients 345

7.2Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine 348

ChAPTER 8

ChAPTER 9

ChAPTER 10

7.3Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 352

7.4Bus Impedance Matrix 355

7.5Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 365

Symmetrical Components 373

Case Study: Technological Progress in High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 374

8.1Definition of Symmetrical Components 391

8.2Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 397

8.3Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 404

8.4Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 406

8.5Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 408

8.6Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 414

8.7Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers 420

8.8Power in Sequence Networks 422

Unsymmetrical Faults 425

Case Study: Innovative Medium Voltage Switchgear for Today’s Applications 426

9.1System Representation 433

9.2Single Line-to-Ground Fault 439

9.3Line-to-Line Fault 443

9.4Double Line-to-Ground Fault 446

9.5Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices 453

Transient Stability 463

Case Study: Down, but Not Out 465

10.1The Swing Equation 483

10.2Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents 489

10.3The Equal-Area Criterion 491

10.4Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation 501

10.5Multimachine Stability 505

10.6A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model 513

Contentsxiii

10.7Wind Turbine Machine Models 518

10.8Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability 524

ChAPTER 11 Power System Controls 527

Case Study: No Light in August: Power System Restoration Following the 2003 North American Blackout 530

11.1Generator-Voltage Control 545

11.2Turbine-Governor Control 549

11.3Load-Frequency Control 555

Appendix 561

目　录

前言vi

第1章引言1

1.1

电力系统的历史10

1.2

现状和发展趋势17

1.3

电力工业的结构20

1.4

计算机在电力系统工程中的应用21

1.5

PowerWorld Simulator仿真软件22

第2章基础29

2.1

相量38

2.2

单相交流电路的瞬时功率40

2.3

复功率45

2.4

网络方程50

2.5

三相平衡电路53

2.6

三相平衡电路的功率61

2.7

三相平衡电路与单相电路的比较优势66

第3章电力变压器69

3.1

理想变压器77

3.2

实际变压器的等效电路83

3.3

标幺制89

3.4

三相变压器的连接和移相器97

3.5

三相双绕组变压器的标幺值等效电路102

3.6

三绕组变压器107

3.7

自耦变压器111

3.8

非标准变比变压器113

目　录xv

第4章输电线路参数123

4.1

输电线路设计的考虑因素135

4.2

电阻140

4.3

电导143

4.4

电感：实心圆柱导体143

4.5

电感：单相两线和三相三线等相间距148

4.6

电感：复合导体、不等相间距、分裂导线150

4.7

串联阻抗：中性导体和接地回路的三相导线158

4.8

电场和电压：实心圆柱导体163

4.9

电容：单相两线和三相三线等相间距166

4.10

电容：绞线、不相等的相间距、分裂导线168

4.11

并联导纳：线与中性导体和接地回路172

4.12

导体表面和大地的电场强度177

4.13

双回路三相线路180

第5章输电线路：稳态运行183

5.1

中等和短线路的等效模型204

5.2

输电线路的微分方程211

5.3

π型等效电路217

5.4

无损线路220

5.5

最大潮流228

5.6

线路的负载能力230

5.7

无功补偿技术235

第6章潮流241

6.1

对线性代数方程组的直接解决方法：高斯消元法262

6.2

线性代数方程组的迭代解法：雅可比和高斯-赛德尔迭代法266

6.3

非线性代数方程组的迭代解法：牛顿-拉夫逊法272

6.4

潮流问题277

6.5

高斯-赛德尔迭代法计算潮流283

6.6

牛顿-拉夫逊法计算潮流285

6.7

潮流控制295

6.8

稀疏技术301

6.9

快速分解法304

6.10

直流潮流304

6.11

风机潮流建模306

6.12

经济调度308

6.13

最优潮流321

第7章对称故障325

7.1

R-L串联电路的暂态345

7.2

空载同步发电机三相短路348

7.3

电力系统三相短路352

7.4

节点阻抗矩阵355

7.5

断路器和熔断器的选择365

第8章对称分量373

8.1

对称分量的定义391

8.2

阻抗负荷的序网络397

8.3

串联阻抗的序网络404

8.4

三相线路的序网络406

8.5

旋转电机的序网络408

8.6

三相双绕组变压器的标幺序网络模型414

8.7

三相三绕组变压器的标幺序网络模型420

8.8

序网络中的功率422

第9章不对称故障425

9.1

电力系统的表示433

9.2

单相接地故障439

9.3

相间故障443

9.4

两相接地故障446

9.5

节点序阻抗矩阵453

第10章暂态稳定463

10.1

转子运动方程483

10.2

同步电机的简化模型和系统等效 489

10.3

等面积定则491

10.4

转子运动方程的数值积分501

10.5

多机稳定性505

10.6

双轴同步电机模型513

10.7

风机模型518

10.8

提高暂态稳定性的方法524

目　录xvii

第11章电力系统控制527

11.1

发电机-电压控制545

11.2

汽轮机-调速器控制549

11.3

负荷-频率控制555

附录5612100433B