1 International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences Analysis of geo-structural defects in flexural toppling failure Abbas Majdi and Mehdi Amini Abstract The in-situ rock structural weaknesses, referred to herein as geo-structural defects, such as naturally induced micro-cracks, are extremely responsive to tensile stresses. Flexural toppling failure occurs by tensile stress caused
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestions for remediation Ibrahim Ocak Abstract: Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traf?c jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Althou